gpt-5-mini (chosen from majority vote of a three-model LLM ensemble)
Short Digest
3b7bce8a05d52fec
Response Measures
None
Description
Receivers were appointed and the bank remained in receivership with deficits reported later.
Events (4)
1.July 3, 1907Run
Cause
Rumor Or Misinformation
Cause Details
Vague/indefinite rumors and reports over several days triggered withdrawals totaling about $75,000.
Measures
Friendly depositors added about $65,000 and other city banks loaned $100,000 to meet withdrawals; every depositor who asked was paid.
Newspaper Excerpt
Frightened by intangible rumors, small depositors today withdrew seventy-five thousand dollars from the Exchange Bank
Source
newspapers
2.July 8, 1907Receivership
Newspaper Excerpt
Judge U. V. Whipple ... appointed B. P. Oneal, T. N. Baker and A. D. Schofield receivers for the Exchange Bank in Macon.
Source
newspapers
3.July 8, 1907Suspension
Cause
Bank Specific Adverse Info
Cause Details
Run exhausted available cash; examiner noted large loans on poor securities contributed to suspension.
Newspaper Excerpt
Continued run has caused its suspension. ... receivers appointed by the court began today an investigation into the condition of the Exchange Bank.
Source
newspapers
4.September 3, 1907Other
Newspaper Excerpt
Auditor's report ... shows that the entire capital and surplus had disappeared and there was an actual deficit of $8,500.
Source
newspapers
Newspaper Articles (24)
1.July 4, 1907The Pensacola JournalPensacola, FL
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Article Text
RUN UPON A MACON BANK Begun by Indefinite Talk and Stopped by Cash When Demanded. I By Associated Press. Macon, Ga., July 3.-Frightened by intangible rumors, small depositors today withdrew seventy-five thousand dollars from the Exchange Bank, but this amount was offset by deposits of sixty thousand and a loan of a hundred thousand dollars by other banks of the city. The run was soon checked.
RUN PREPARED FOR. Exchange Bank Had Money on Hand to Meet Emergency. Macon. Ga., July 3.-A run was made on the Exchange bank today, resulting in the withdrawal of a total of $75,000, which was more than offset by deposits of $65,000 made by friendly depositors and the loan of $100,000 by other banks of the city to meet the emergency. The run developed from vague reports prevailing for several days past and it had been anticipated and prepared for. Every depositor who asked for his money was paid and the run was soon checked.
3.July 9, 1907Americus Times-RecorderAmericus, GA
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A RECEIVER FOR EXCHANGE BANK Continued Run Has Caused its Suspension. 0 Macon, Ga., July 8.-At a directors' meeting of the Exchange bank plans were made for applying to the superior court of Bibb county for a receivership for the institution, and counsel immediately sought out Judge U. V. Whipple, of Cordele. Dr. T. N. Baker, A. D. Schofield and B. P. O'Neal were appointed, and now have the assets and the banking business of the institution in hand. Through Counsel nced to Judge A. L. Miller, it IS an the public that the assets of the b.nk are ample to pay depositors and credìtors in full and leave a surplus for distribution among the stockholders.
4.July 9, 1907The Pensacola JournalPensacola, FL
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INVESTIGATION OF THE BANK BY THE RECEIVERS Macon, Ga., July 8.-Receivers appointed by the court began today an investigation into the condition of the Exchange Bank. A stockholders' meeting has been called for July 18. A deed of sale for the bank building and fixtures, recorded today, secures a loan of $90,000 recently made by local banks to tide over the run.
5.July 9, 1907The Morris County ChronicleMorristown, NJ
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Article Text
BANK FAILS IN MACON. Exchange, With Assets and Liabilities of $2,000,000. Macon, Ga.-Judge U. V. Whipple at Cordele, appointed B. P. Oneal, T. N. Baker and A. D. Schofield receivers for the Exchange Bank in Macon. The assets are stated to be $1,958,973.55 and liabilities the same. President Cabaniss gave out a statement to the public that on account of a run on the bank for several days all the available cash of the bank has been exhausted and that it is impossible to continue the bank "as a going concern."
6.July 10, 1907Americus Times-RecorderAmericus, GA
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Article Text
STATE HAD FUNDS IN THE BANK. But Protected Therein By Ample Bond. Atlanta, Ga. July 9.-It was stated by Bank Examiner Park that the state had a deposit of $5,289 in the Exchange Bank of Macon, which has closed its doors. The deposit is well protected by a bond of $100,000 and the state will not lose by the suspension. Speaking of the suspension of the Exchange bank, Bank Examiner Park said that he had called the attention of the directors of the institution to a number of outstanding loans when the report of the bank was made. "Large loans upon poor securities appear to have been responsible for the suspension of this bank," said Mr. Park.
7.July 11, 1907Oxford EagleOxford, MS
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Article Text
Bank in Hands of Receivers. Macon, Ga.-Judge Whipple today appointed B. P. O'Neil, T. N. Baker, and A. D. Schofield receivers for the Exchange Bank of this city. The assets are stated to be $1,958,973 and liabilities the same. President Cabaniss gave out a statement saying that the directors at a meeting held after the run on the bank of July 2, 3 and 5. passed resolutions saying that allavailble cash of the bank had been used and that it was impossible to continue operations. It is said that depositors and creditors will be paid in full.
8.July 12, 1907Evening StarWashington, DC
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Article Text
Senator Bacon Loses Fortune. MACON, Ga., July 12-About half of United States Senator Bacon's small fortune was swept away by the failure of the - change Bank last week. The senator was worth about $75,000. half of which was represented by Exchange Bank stock. This stock is not only worthless. but it is said the senator and other stockholders will be assessed heavily to pay depositors. It is feared that when the affairs of the bank are wound up Senator Bacon's fortune will be entirely gone. Expert accountants are working on the bank S books. Former Cashier Orr owed the bank $96,000. part of which he has paid. The capital stock and surplus of $650,000 are gone and when the bank closed after a run of four days $300,000 was still due the depositors and there was not a dollar In the vault.
9.July 12, 1907The SunNew York, NY
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Article Text
SENATOR BACON LOSES FORTUNE. Failure of Macon Bank Takes About All He Had Saved. MACON, Ga., July 11.-About half of United States Senator Bacon's small fortune was swept away by the failure of the Exchange Bank last week. The Senator was worth about $75,000. half of which was represented by Exchange Bank stock. This stock is not only worthless but it is said the Senator and other stockholders will be assessed heavily to pay depositors. It is feared that when the affairs of the bank are wound up Senator Bacon's fortune will be entirely gone. Expert accountants are working on the bank's books. Former Cashier Orr owed the bank $96,000. part of which he has paid. The capital stock and surplus of $650,000 are gone and when the bank closed after a run of four days $300,000 was still due the depositors and there was not a dollar in the vault.
10.July 12, 1907The Washington HeraldWashington, DC
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Article Text
SENATOR BACON PENNILESS. Macon Bank Failure Heavy Blow to the Stockholders. Macon, Ga., July 11.-About half of United States Senator Bacon's small fortune was swept away by the failure of the Exchange Bank last week. The Senator was worth about $75,000, half of which was represented by Exchange Bank stock. This stock is not only worthless, but It is said the Senator and other stockholders will be assessed heavily to pay depositors, It is feared that when affairs of the bank are wound up Senator Bacon's fortune will be entirely gone. Expert accountants are working on the bank's books, and sensational revelations are looked for. Former Cashier Orr owed the bank $96,000, which he has partly settled. The capital stock and surplus of $650,000 is gone, and when the bank closed, after the run of four days, $300,000 was due depositors, and there was not a dollar in the vaults,
11.July 12, 1907The Penn's Grove RecordPenns Grove, NJ
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Article Text
BANK FAILS IN MACON. Exchange, With Assets and Liabilities of $2,000,000. Macon, Ga.-Judge U. V. Whipple, at Cordele, appointed B. P. Oneal, T. N. Baker and A. D. Schofield receivers for the Exchange Bank in Macon. The assets are stated to be $1,958,973.55 and liabilities the same. President Cabaniss gave out a statement to the public that on account of a run on the bank for several days all the available cash of the bank has been exhausted and that it is impossible to continue the bank "as a going concern."
12.July 12, 1907The CommonwealthGreenwood, MS
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Article Text
Bank in Hands of Receivers. Macon, Ga.-Judge Whipple today appointed B.P. O'Neil, T. N. Baker, and A. D. Schofield receivers for the Exchange Bank of this city. The assets are stated to be $1,958,973 and Habilities the same. President Cabaniss gave out a statement saying that the directors at a meeting held after the run on the bank of July 2, 3 and 5, passed resolutions saying that all availble cash of the bank had been used and that it was impossible to continue operations. It is said that depositors and creditors will be paid in full.
13.July 12, 1907The Birmingham Age-HeraldBirmingham, AL
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TRANSFERS HIS PROPERTY. Cashier of Defunct Bank Turns Over All He Has. --Macon, July 11.-Former Cashier C. M. Orr of the Exchange bank, which was put into the hands of receivers last Sunday, has transferred to the bank named real
14.September 3, 1907Wausau PilotWausau, WI
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Article Text
The auditor's report of the condition of the Exchange Bank of Macon, Ga., which recently went into the hands of a receiver, shows that the entire capital and surplus had disappeared and there was an actual deficit of $8,500.
15.September 5, 1907Wood County ReporterWisconsin Rapids, WI
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Article Text
The auditor's report of the condition of the Exchange Bank of Macon, Ga., which recently went into the hands of a receiver, shows that the entire capital and surplus had disappeared and there was an actual deficit of $8,500.
16.September 5, 1907The Plymouth TribunePlymouth, IN
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Article Text
The auditor's report of the condition of the Exchange Bank of Macon, Ga., which recontly went into the hands of a receiver, shows that the entire capital and surplus had disappeared and there was an actual deficit of $8,500.
The auditor's report of the condition of the Exchange Bank of Macon, Ga., which recently went into the hands of a receiver, shows that the entire capital and surplus had disappeared and there was an actual deficit of $8,500
19.September 18, 1908The Lee County JournalLeesburg, GA
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Sue Defunct Bank Directors. The receivers of t.e Exchange Bank of Macon have filed suit against the directors for $5000,000 and ask a judgement for said amount. Thev also ask for an accounting The receivers blame the directors with criminal negligence, The suit is signed by many stockholders,
20.December 29, 1908The Montgomery AdvertiserMontgomery, AL
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Pay Another Dividend. Macon, Ga., Dec. 28.-Another dividend of ten per cent. will be paid the depositors of the Exchange Bank which failed July 6, 1907, on Decemberai 31. The total amount to be paid will be $60,000. This dividend will nake a total of seventy per cent. which the receivers have paid since they took charge a year ago.
21.April 20, 1911The Brunswick NewsBrunswick, GA
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DIVIDEND IN SIGHT. Macon, Ga., April 19.-A dividend is almost in sight for the 3,000 depositors of the defunct Exchange bank. The repe of the receivers to day showed 1.12t they have over $15,000 in bank, with all debts, with the exception of the depositors' claims, liquidated.
22.August 27, 1912Atlanta GeorgianAtlanta, GA
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STOCKHOLDERS SUED FOR $145,000.00 TO PAY DEPOSITORS OF BANK MACON GA., Aug. 27.Suits aggregating $145,000 have been filed against 156 stockholders of the Exchange bank, which failed in 1907 with a deficit of a half-million dollars. The stockholders are scattered all over Georgia and the United States. Two of the largest stock owners are Senator A. O. Bacon and Representative Charles L. Bartlett. The stockholders are sued by the receivers for $29.60 per share, but are offered a compromise of $20 per share, if paid before October 10. Many have already agreed to avail themselves of this privilege. By this means every depositor will be paid his claim in full, with interest. The deposits alone amounted to more than $1,200,000 at the time the bank failed. The depositors have already been paid 90 per cent in dividends.
23.August 27, 1912Atlanta GeorgianAtlanta, GA
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STOCKHOLDERS SUED FOR $145,000.00 TO PAY DEPOSITORS OF BANK MACON GA., Aug. 27.-Suits aggregating $145,000 have been filed against 156 stockholders of the Exchange bank, which failed in 1907 with a deficit of a half-million dollars. The stockholders are scattered all over Georgia and the United States. Two of the largest stock owners are Senator A. O. Bacon and Representative Charles L. Bartlett. The stockholders are sued by the receivers for $29.60 per share, but are offered a compromise of $20 per share, if paid before October 10. Many have already agreed to avail themselves of this privilege. By this means every depositor will be paid his claim in full, with interest. The deposits alone amounted to more than $1,200,000 at the time the bank failed. The depositors have already been paid 90 per cent in dividends.
24.December 17, 1925The Macon NewsMacon, GA
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OLD BANK CASE COMES TO END
"Finis" has been written on the old Exchange Bank case which has been in litigation for eighteen years. When the directors of Macon's first national bank, the Exchange Bank, filed suit in Bibb superior court on August 20. 1907 against the bank. and B. P. O'Neal Robert J. Taylor and C. T. King were appoint ed the bank's receivers on that day, it was not thought that it would turn into one of the biggest civil actions ever recorded in that court, nor was it thought that it would take 18 years to complete its history. But in December 1925 the case has ended. all litigations in connections with the bank have been settled. and Judge H. A. Ma hews has signed an order discharging the receivers who have served throughout these 18 years. and have submitted their final report to the court. The records of he case are more voluminous by far, than any other case ever recorded in Bibb superior court, according to officials. When the suit was first brought as result of some deficiencies in the handling of the bank's funds. the law firms of Hardeman. Davis. Turner & Jones, and Miller & Jones were employed to represent the di rectors. T. S. Felder was employed to represent the bank. Of these firms the firm of Hardeman. Davis, Turner & Jones. is now known as Jones. Park & Johnston, and the partnership of Miller & Jones has been dissolved since the appointment of Malcolm D. Jones. a member. to the judgeship of Bibb superior court, civil division. T. S. Felder is still practicing in the city. According the records of the court practically every lawyer. who was a member of the Macon bar in 1907. was in some way connected with the litigations. Judge Charles H. Bartlett one of more than 250 stockholders of the bank. represented larger number of the stockholders during the litigations. than any other lawyer in the city and probably kept in closer touch with the proceedings of the court than any other Macon attorney. it is said. An unusual feature of he final determination of the case is the fact that the creditors have been paid ninety-five per cent on the dollar in settlement of their accounts. something that a bank is rarely ever able to do, attorneys announce. All the assets of the bank have been collect ed. and the entire amount has been paid to the creditors in dividends, which act was necessary before the litigation could be officially closed. Probably the most extencive litigation in the history of the case was a suit brought in 1912 by the receivers against the stockholders in an effort to recover an assessment for the benefit of the creditors, ac-
Bank runs are almost always and everywhere a deterioration of bank fundamentals.
But not for you.
You are the measure-zero exception: great fundamentals, solid bank, and yet the Diamond Dybvig fairy spread its rumor. Depositors woke up. Your collateral was not prepositioned. The Clearinghouse had it for you.
Do not pass Go. Do not collect $200. Go directly to jail… or worse.