gpt-5-mini (chosen from majority vote of a three-model LLM ensemble)
Short Digest
d1019fd04b633b1d
Response Measures
None
Events (2)
1.March 8, 1927Run
Cause
Local Banks
Cause Details
Run was triggered after three other Palm Beach banks failed to open/closed, prompting depositors to withdraw from Citizens Bank.
Measures
Armored car dispatched from Miami with cash; wealthy winter visitors made large deposits; bank obtained funds and extended hours to meet withdrawals.
Newspaper Excerpt
Runs on the Farmers Bank and Citizens Bank of West Palm Beach were such that an armored car was dispatched from Miami bearing cash for panicky depositors.
Source
newspapers
2.March 8, 1927Suspension
Cause Details
Several Palm Beach county banks failed to open their doors (closures prompted widespread runs).
Newspaper Excerpt
Three leading banks of the Palm Beach district closed their doors today.
Source
newspapers
Newspaper Articles (25)
1.March 8, 1927Battle Creek Moon-JournalBattle Creek, MI
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PALM BEACH BANKS CLOSED
Move Starts Run on Other Institutions of District.
West Palm Fla., March leading banks the Palm Beach district closed their doors today and started of the most frenzied runs the history of Florida finance. found streets jammed with depositors their money from remaining banks of the Runs the Farmers Bank and Citizens Bank of West Palm Beach that an armored dispatched from Miami bearing cash for panicky No sooner had the First AmeriBank Trust posted notice business suspended the protection depositors tions Bank Trust of West Palm Beach and the First Bank and Trust Palm Beach. Heavy all three banks during the eight affairs part the state given as reasons for the ing.
2.March 8, 1927The Oregon Daily JournalPortland, OR
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FLORIDA BANKS CLOSE; RUN BEGUN
West Palm Fla., March leading banks the Palm Beaches closed their doors this morning and started one the most frenzied runs in the history of Florida finance. Mid-day found streets jammed with seeking to money it from remaining banks of the Runs on bank and the Citizens' bank of West Palm Beach were armored was from Miami bearing cash for panicky depositors. No sooner had First American Bank Trust notice that business suspended for the protection of depositors than two other Bank & company of West Palm and First Bank & Trust comof Beach all three banks during past eight and condition of fairs in this part the state were given as reasons for the closings.
3.March 8, 1927Astoria Evening BudgetAstoria, OR
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THREE PALM BEACH CLOSE
WEST PALM BEACH, Mar. leading banks of the Palm Beaches closed their doors this morning started one the most frenzied runs in the history of finance. Mid-day found streets jammed with depositors their money withdrawing from remaining banks of the city. Runs the Farmers Bank and the Citizens bank of West Palm Beach such that an armored despatched from Miami bearing cash for panicky deposiNo sooner had the First AmeriBank Trust company postnotice business pended for protection posits, than two other instituions closed. Heavy wihdrawals on all three bans during the past and unsettled condition affairs this part of state given as results of the closings.
LOG SETTER KILLED Mar. McKinstry, log setter the Ryderwood died late yesterday sult injuries received when by swinging log.
4.March 8, 1927The Omaha Evening Bee-NewsOmaha, NE
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FLORIDA BANKS CLOSE IN RUNS
Wes Palm Beach. March leading banks of the Palm Beach distheir doors Tuesday It started one of the most frenzied runs in th ehistory of Florida Runs on the Farmers bank and Citizens bank were such that an armored car was dispatched from Miami bearing cash for panicky depositors.
THREE FLORIDA BANKS CLOSE THEIR DOORS
Streets of West Palm Beach Jammed With Depositors.
SEEK TO WITHDRAW FUNDS
One of Most Frenzied Runs In History of State.
WEST March leading banks of the Palm Beaches closed their doors this morning and started one of the most frenzied runs in the history of Florida finance Mid-day found jammed with depositors seeking save their money by withdrawing from remaining banks of the city runs on the Farmers' Bank the Citizens Bank of West Palm Beach were such that an was dispatched from Miami bearing cash for panicky No sooner had the First AmeriBank and Trust company posted notice that business was (Turn to Last Page, Please)
REPAIR PEST HOUSE ROAD The Pest House road is being ditched and dressed.
6.March 8, 1927Pittston GazettePittston, PA
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CLOSING OF BANKS CAUSES PANIC IN WEST PALM BEACH banks the and started the history of FlorMid-day streets their of the Runs on Farmers' Bank and Citizens Bank Palm that Miami bearing for panicky depositors sooner the First American that suspended for the proof than Northwood Pank Trust First Bank and Trust Beach all three banks ten months unsettled conditions of affairs in this State given reasons for closing
7.March 9, 1927The Springfield Daily RepublicanSpringfield, MA
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THREE FLORIDA BANKS CLOSE THEIR DOORS
West Palm Beach, Fla., March 8Three leading banks of the Palm Beach district closed their doors today and one the most frenruns in the history of Florida finance. Midday found» streets jammed with depositors seeking to save their money by withdrawing it from remaining banks of the Runs on the Farmers bank and the Citizens bank of West Palm Beach were such that an armored car was
8.March 9, 1927Blackwell Journal-TribuneBlackwell, OK
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PALM BEACH BANKS SURVIVE RUNS
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., March Citizens' bank and the Farmers' Bank and Trust survived today and observed their usual two o'clock closing hour custom. llowing closing of three other banks here today.
9.March 10, 1927The Winchester SunWinchester, KY
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TOURISTS COME TO BANKS' AID
Rich Men Offer Support at Palm R. Bradley Lexington One in List.
West Palm Beach, March Ready money. incident heretofore this resort for the wealthy. of prime concern in the street regarded apprehensively an abrupt suspension three banks. Millionaire winter visitors, attracted momentarily from their and dances, paused offer financial assistance banks that had the burden of keeping the dollar circulation. Citizens Bank and the Farmers Bank and Trust Gibralter" officials additional funds from which augment consignment $2,000,000 that Tuesday abled them meet withdrawals and remain until o'clock, the regular closing time. The three closed banks, with eapital awaited in by state bank examiners. The First Bank and Trust and the First Bank and Trust Company of Palm Beach failed open Tuesday The Northwood Bank and Trust pended the interest hour after opening. Offers of made several prominent whom had passed through long lines of anxious clients bent withdraw ing accounts, make deposits. Reese. president of the Farmbank. that among who support were John Philadelphia Clark, and Butler. Chicago. Mr. the failures to said there emergency. Whether the volunteer millionaires put their under the financial burden was not made known.
10.March 10, 1927The Owensboro MessengerOwensboro, KY
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Run On Bank Ends When Band Plays March Music West Palm Beach, Fla., Mar. steady on the Farmers Bank and Trust which began with the closing of three banks in West Palm Beach Palm Beach, ended here today when organized parade marched down street band began march for to keep step to they went into the bank to withdraw their funds. The Citizens bank suffered prolonged run yesterday, opened as usual today, but did not witness run. Officials of the bank said they did the usual day's business.
Business Men Bear Banners Reading, 'Men or
THREE BANKS CLOSE OTHERS SURVIVING
Night Club Employees Are Filled with Woe as Savings Are Tied Up in Closed Banks
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., Mar. steady run Farmers Bank and Trust Company, which began yesterday with closing three banks Palm Beach Palm Beach, endhere today when organized parade marched the band began playing march for depositors to keep step to they went into bank to withdraw their funds. The parade, led by the municithrough the principal streets the city ended front the Farmers Bank and Trust Company. Banners claring have in and "men were carried by men. The Citizens Bank, which suffered prolonged yesterday opened usual today but did not witness run. Officials the bank said they did normal day's busi-
The runs the two banks yesterday when three banks falled to open their doors for businoon mored carrying $2,000,000 currency despatched from and arrived time keep the banks closing heavy Wealthy the Palm Beach winter colony said large posits the two withstand the large withdrawals. Today's parade, organized by leadcitizens, traffic the street front the Farmers Bank and Trust Company, and inscribed sheepprominently displayed front long line waiting withdraw its officials tonight said they the crisis had passed that banks would have trouble withstanding any size. Hits WEST BEACH, Mar. the world looks Florida's latest bank closings and wonders what will happen next, several hundred night employes other ter tourists amusers sigh and think things couldn't much They are the people came this "gold mine the 20th century" last prepared enterthe think more handing thousand dollar bill than average man does tossing over nickel for cola. Lightly they tripped from the railway arrived here, full when those gain this spring lightly they tripped fantastic many many night during the tinkle gold pieces ringing their These entertainers sang and play smiled, and perhaps the smile always but they worked their and they got them thousand dollars thousand dollars, they put their money the local banks and watched saving grow the days lengthened summer neared time go home. But dance tonight they wonder whether take back home, they'll have stick out the nights in the coach station The banks which they put their money have closed, and have intimation when they re-open for the little books which many them hold about all they have.
SNAPPY MARCH SENDS DEPOSITORS
Florida "Run" Ends Signs Up Sheep."
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., March 9 (P).-A steady run on the Farmers Bank and Trust company, which began yesterday with the closing of three banks in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach ended here today when an organized parade marched down the street and band began playing march for depositors to keep step to as they went into the bank to withdraw their funds. The parade, led by the municipal band, marched through the principal streets of the city and ended in front of the Farmers Bank and Trust Banners declaring "we haw faith in our banks' and "men or sheep- which?" were carried by business men. The Citizens Bank, which suffered a prolonged run yesterday opened as usual today but did not witness a run. Officials of the bank said they did a usual day's business. Today's parade, organized by leading citizens, blocked traffic in the street in front of the Farmers Bank and Trust company, and the banners inscribed "men or sheep which?" were prominently displayed in front of the long line waiting to withdraw its deposits Banking officials tonight said they felt the crisis had passed and that both banks would have no trouble run of any size if it were to start.
13.March 10, 1927The Charlotte ObserverCharlotte, NC
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BANDS PLAY AS BANK RUN ENDS
Floridians Flaunt Banners and Parade Before Rescued Institutions.
WEST PALM BEACH, Fla., March 9.-(AP)-A steady run on the Farmers Bank & Trust company, which began yesterday with the closing of three banks in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, ended here today when an organized parade marched down the street and a band began playing a march for depositors to keep step to they went into the bank to withdraw their funds. The parade, led by the municipal band, marched through the principal streets of the city and ended in front of the Farmers Bank & Trust company. Banners declaring "we have faith in our banks" and "men or sheep-which were carried by business men. BUSINESS NORMAL. The Citizens bank, which suffered a prolonged run yesterday opened as usual today but did not witness run. Officials of the bank said they did a normal day's business. The runs on the two banks began yesterday when three banks failed to open their doors for business About noon yesterday an armored car carrying currency was dispatched from Miami and ar rived in time to keep the two remaining banks from closing because of the heavy run Wealthy members of the Palm Beach winter colony said to have made large deposits to help the two institutions withstand the large withdrawals. Today's parade. organized by leading citizens, blocked traffic in the street in front of the Farmers Bank and Trust company. and the banners prominently displayed in front of the long line waiting to withdraw its deposits Banking officials tonight said they felt the crisis had passed and that both banks would have no trouble withstanding a run of any size.
14.March 14, 1927The Greenwood CommonwealthGreenwood, MS
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PALM BEACH BANKS EXPERIENCING RUN WEST PALM BEACH, March 14. (AP) Three Palm Beach county banks failed to open their doors day while another local financial institution sought to check a critical run.
The Farmers Bank & Trust Co., of West Palm Beach and the First National Bank of Lake Worth, and the Ocean City Bank of Del Ray did not open. The Citizens Bank of West Palm Beach was the object of a determined run.
15.March 14, 1927Record SearchlightRedding, CA
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THREE FLORIDA BANKS CLOSED
WEST PALM BEACH, March 14. Palm Beach county banks failed to open and the fourth is combating heavy run. The West Palm Beach Farmers Bank and Trust company, one of the largest in the region, failed following the closing of three allied banks last week. line braved rain to withdraw deposits from the Citizens bank.
Three More Florida Banks Close Doors
West Palm Beach, Fla. March (AP). Three Palm county banks falled today to open their doors, while another local financial institution sought to stave off severe run. The Farmers' Bank & Trust company of West Palm Beach. the First National bank of Lake Worth and the Ocean City bank of Delray remained closed A long line of men and women braved a pelting rain in the run on the Citizens bank of West Palm Beach.
17.March 15, 1927Santa Cruz SentinelSanta Cruz, CA
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TONE FAILURES
WEST PALM March 14 quieter tone along palm beaches tonight following period of excitement when determined run on the Citizens' Bank, caused the closing of three banks in Palm Beach county today Two of the three banks remaining open had not experienced runs. They observed the regular closing hour. The Citizens' Bank, after ing that plenty of funds had been obtained pay every remained open until six o'clock to meet all requests for payments.
18.March 15, 1927The Grand Rapids PressGrand Rapids, MI
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THREE PALM BEACH BANKS CLOSE, BUT PATRONS ARE CALM
Run on One Institution Subsides After Half Day of "Rushing."
ALL PLACES TO REOPEN
Inactivity of Real Estate Operations Blamed; Money Houses Not Insolvent.
West Palm Beach, March 16. quieter tone pervailed the Palm Beaches Monday period of when determined run Citizens bank, prompted by the closing of three banks in Palm Beach county abated early in only short lines of depositors windows Two three banks remaining open did experience closing The bank plenty funds been pay positors, until to meet all requests for payment return to normality aided largely Miami of sacks of currency for bank The which did open Monday included Farmers Bank Trust of the largest banking institutions here. bank closed temporarily, announced. the interest Plans the bank within 30 or 60 days Officials Issue Statements.
First bank of Lake Worth and Delray were other banks which did Monday No statement was regarding their Officials of the Citizens bank expressed their determination close will be even stronger now when direcbank the real estate mar ket and the fact much the based upon estate security was given by the the which faster the banks could liquidate resulted in the down making necessary for the institutions suspend, he that does not that because bank close Another reason. for the recent suspensions, the comptroller lieved, been cashing checks for into the state this winter This costs the banks instead of helping them, he declared. Officials the Central Farmers bank and the National Bank West Palm Beach, the other institutions which the condibe good. They anticipated no financial culties.
the closing on Tuesday of two local banks precipitated the action.
Simultaneously the First National Bank of Lake Worth and the Ocean City Bank at Delray did not open. The closing of the bank at Lake Worth left that city without a bank. A long line braved a pelting, intermittent rain in a run on the Citizens Bank of West Palm Beach. The line stretched solid almost a block and a half. Reports are being circulated that an armored truck is bringing funds.
20.March 15, 1927The News-JournalLancaster, PA
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CLOSE
Depositors Regain On Seeing Sacks Of Currency RUN ON FOURTH HALTED
West Palm Beach, March prevailed in the Palm Beaches following period of the prompted the closing of three banks Palm Beach county, abated early leaving only short lines of depositors the windows Two of the three banks remaining here did not expect They regular closing hours. The ing funds had been obpay ed to meet all quests for The normality aided largely the arrival sacks of currency for the Citizens' Bank. One Expects to Reopen The banks which not open today included the Bank Trust Company, the largest banking institutions The bank was closed temporarily announced, in the interest depositors. Plans for the within thirty sixty days were The First Bank Lake Worth and the City Bank Delray were did not today official issued regarding their clos-
Meanwhile, banking officials here and Tallahassee issued quieting statements calling upon patrons to their institutions "proper co-operation" assuring depositors that which have remained open will banks be able Determined to Stay Open Officials Citizens' Bank determination not pressed close now hereafter." Inactivity of the real estate much of the based estate security given by comptroller, as the est Amos, recent closings. withdrawals which were banks could liquidate faster than have resulted in the receiveables making breaking down for the institutions necessary adding pend," because not necessarily that insolvent.' closed of the latter statement, As evidence Amos the reopening Mr. in Florida within the past year. banks
21.March 15, 1927The Wichita EagleWichita, KS
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HAS QUIETER TONE WEST BEACH. FLA., March quieter tone valled the Palm Beaches tonight following period when determined run the prompted the closing of three banks Palm Beach county, abated early this afternoon, leaving short lines depositors the windows. Two three banks maining open here did not experience They observed the regular clos ing hours. The Citizens bank, announcing plenty of funds been obtained to pay every positor, until meet réquests for payments.
22.March 15, 1927Morning SentinelWaterville, ME
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Late Day Briefs
New York commission revoked Tex Rickard's permit to stage boxing show on March after he violating its contract regulations.
Citizens bank West Palm Beach staved off severe run after three other banks failed to
Two prisoners recaptured soon after they attempted escape from the nois Joliet. penitentiary
23.March 15, 1927News and RecordGreensboro, NC
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MORE RUNS ARE WHEN THREE BANKS ARE NOT OPEN
One of Largest Palm Beach Banks Is Closed.
OTHERS WEATHER DRIVE
They Are Declared to Be On Solid Foundation and Can Pay All Depositors.
REASON FOR CONDITIONS
Comptroller Banks Are Solvent But Are Unable To Collect counts Funds Are Withdrawn.
West Palm Beach, March 14. quieter prevailed in the Palm Beachers tonight followperiod excitement today when determined the Citizens bank, prompted by the closing of three Palm Beach counbanks, abated the afterof depositors the windows Two three remaining open here did experience The bank, announcing that plenty funds had obtained remained meet all refor payments The normaley aided largely by the arrival shortly armored truck from bearing sacks for the beleaguered Citizens bank. One Big The which for open the Bank Trust company, the largest banking institutions here, which closed temporarily, in the interest positors whom the banks statement declared would not cent result the closing for the 30 or days National Lake Worth the Ocean City bank of Delray the did today. No official statement issued regarding their closing today brought the to. banks which the Palm the seven. Three of these Co-Operation. Meanwhile banking officials here Tallahassee issued calling upon patrons banks Institutions "proper depositors that the open will be able to meet every deOfficials of the Citizens bank Declaring that the condition of of the suspended banks has and looking for greater the people will keep their heads. If they become frightened run bank locality. the situation become aggravated. The people themselves help Banks with, and With the proper of banks re-opened. takes community spirit over." Another reason for the recent pensions, the comptroller believed, travelers state This banks Instead of helping he declared
24.March 16, 1927The Miami NewsMiami, FL
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One White-Haired Preacher, Trying to Stop Panic, Finally Joins Crowd
WEST PALM
March long line ton of negroes staged a steady run on the United States postoffice here for heavy withdrawals from the postal savings department today. following reports circulated was widely through the colored sections throughout the night that gov ernment was going broke. More than 100 negroes awaited the opening the government building at o'clock. the number increased rapidly for several hours with mild been prevailing. half dozen negro with workers, walked backward and the depositors keep funds intact. put their adin vain. The closing of the Farmers & Trust Co. here Monthe the Citizens bank of West Palm Beach same day. made heavy from other banks the peak of the recent placing their funds the rumor that the local postoffice in dire financial starits brought run, which continued until shortly before noon. About o'clock the crowd dwindled quickly. Amusing scenes enacted height the run. haired after imploring member his congregation keep his funds with the government. finally that "Uncle Sam was losing all his The to money. aged minister abruptly ended his futile plead ings and took his place in line to withdraw his own savings. Police took immediate steps to curb any possible banditry in the negro section, additional officers were posted to maintain order ed
25.March 16, 1927The Barre Daily TimesBarre, VT
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NEGROES IN RUN ON
Excited Colored People at West Palm Beach Heard "Government Was Going Broke."
West Palm Beach, March 16, long line negroes staged steady run the United States for heavy the postal savings department following reports circulated widely through negro sections through the night More 100 negroes awaited the opening of the building seven and the rapidly for hours with mild balf negro welfare the keep funds intact, but in run followed the closing Monday the the Bank and Trust comthe Citizens' bank West Beach the Negroes have the peak financial crisis, placing their funds in the postal savings.
Bank runs are almost always and everywhere a deterioration of bank fundamentals.
But not for you.
You are the measure-zero exception: great fundamentals, solid bank, and yet the Diamond Dybvig fairy spread its rumor. Depositors woke up. Your collateral was not prepositioned. The Clearinghouse had it for you.
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