gemini-3-flash-preview (chosen from majority vote of a three-model LLM ensemble)
Short Digest
bce0bf4783b9f000
Response Measures
None
Description
The bank was ordered closed by the state comptroller to prevent further depletion of funds during a run triggered by the suspension of a nearby bank.
Events (3)
1.February 6, 1928Run
Cause
Local Banks
Cause Details
Run triggered by the suspension of the Southern Bank and Trust Company and resulting local excitement.
Newspaper Excerpt
Runs forced the Citizens Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah to close.
Source
newspapers
2.February 6, 1928Suspension
Cause
Government Action
Cause Details
Ordered closed by State Comptroller Ernest Amos to protect the bank from a run following the failure of the Southern Bank and Trust Company.
Newspaper Excerpt
the Citizens Bank and the Bank of Allapattah, which were ordered closed by the comptroller because of fear that they might be in no position to meet possible heavy withdrawals
Source
newspapers
3.*Reopening
Newspaper Excerpt
all three of the banks that were closed temporarily announced that plans were in progress for early re-opening
Source
newspapers
Newspaper Articles (22)
1.February 6, 1928The News-StarMonroe, LA
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Article Text
3 MIAMI BANKS FAIL TO OPEN DOORS TODAY
Anonymous Letters Predicting Failure Caused Heavy Withdrawals.
MIAMI, SouthBank Trust talized $100,000 and Saturday night had $5,138,112.11 in deposits. Capitalized $100,000, the Citizens Bank had deposits, while the had $15,000 capital and deposits estimated $110,000.
Three Miami Banks Fail To Open
-Three Miniul banks failed to open for business today. They wore the Southern Bank and Trust Company, the Citizens' Bank and the Bank of determined THE OIL the First Nahour today following the fallure of tions to open for business Inday. The 12:30. Other large banks reported normal bustonss conditions. Officers of the First National Bank mingled with the crown In the lobby Heren million dollars In cash will be sent to Flost Nuttonal Bank by Jacksonville by airplane and train to pay nil who wish to Ing all orderly run on the bank.
3.February 6, 1928Henryetta Daily Free-LanceHenryetta, OK
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Article Text
THREE BANKS FAIL TO OPEN
(By The Associated MIAMI, Fla., Feb. Miami banks failed to open for business day. They were the Southern Back and Trust company, the Citizens bank and the Bank of Allatattah.
MIAMI, Fla., Feb. million dollars in cash will be sent to the First National bank by the Federal Reserve bank in Jacksonville by plane and train to pay all depositors, who wish to withdraw their funds, officials of institution, announced this afternoon, following an orderly run on the bank, following the closing of three other local financial institutions this morning.
4.February 6, 1928Norfolk Daily NewsNorfolk, NE
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ACTION CLOSING THREE OTHER MIAMI
Miami, million dollars cash the First National bank Federal Reserve bank branch Jacksonville by airplane and all depositors who withdraw their funds, officials local institution announced afternoon following orderly bank growing out closing of three other local cial institutions morning. The three banks that open for business today Southern Bank and Trust pany, the Citizens bank, and Bank of The Bank and Trust company requested Comptroller Amos assume charge of its fairs pending nances, following heavy withdraw. deposits caused circulation of anonymous leters predicting failure. President Lummus bank said that "large demands during the last days been caused letters writen to depositors and them to "quietly your money the The letters, said, were sign "Hiram" bore crudely drawn Masonic Police are seeking to trace sender. President Lummus said that deposits in funds were fully protected.
5.February 6, 1928Greenfield Daily RecorderGreenfield, MA
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Article Text
Miami banks failed for business They the Southern Bank and Trust Company, the Citizens Bank, and the Bank of Allapattah. The Southern Bank and Trust company requested comptroller Amos assume charge fairs pending strengthening of nances, following heavy withdraw of deposits caused by circulation of letters predicting its failure. Mr. Amos ordered the other stitutions in the belief they financial position withstand large withdrawals which might result from excitement incident the closing Southern Bank and Trust Company. Under normal conditions they could operate, he said, adding that there had been sign of their run place.
6.February 6, 1928The Lawton ConstitutionLawton, OK
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Article Text
THREE MIAMI BANKS FAIL; RUN STARTS
Seven Million In Cash Is Rushed to Aid of Florida Institution.
MIAMI, Fla., Feb. mil. lion dollars in cash will be sent the First National bank by the Federal Reserve Bank branch in Jacksonville by air and train to pay all depositors who wish to withdraw their funds, officials of the local institution announced this after: noon following an orderly run the bank growing out of the clos. ing of three other local financial institutions this morning.
Three Banks Close ami banks failed to open for busi. ness today. They were the South, ern Bank and Trust company, the Citizens Bank and the Bank of A1-
7.February 6, 1928The Daily ArdmoreiteArdmore, OK
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BANKS FLORIDA CLOSE
All the Failed Financial Institutions Are Located in Miami. banks open for business today. They were the Southern Bank and Trust the Citizens bank and the Bank Cash Rushed by Plane MIAMI, Fla., Feb million dollars in cash will sent the First National bank by the bank branch in Jackson by and train pay all depositors who withdraw their funds, officials of the local institution announced this afternoon following an orderly run on the bank growing out closing of three other local nancial Institutions this morning.
8.February 6, 1928The Havre Daily NewsHavre, MT
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Article Text
THREE MIAMI BANKS FAIL OPEN
Feb. (AP) Three Miami banks failed open for business today. They were Southern Bank The Citzens Bank, and the Bank The Southern Bank Trust company requested comptroller Amos assume charge its fairs. pending strengthening finances, heavy of deposits caused by culation of anonymous letters its failure.
9.February 7, 1928The Times LeaderWilkes-Barre, PA
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Article Text
THREE BANKS CLOSED
Anonymous Letter Cause of Their Suspension
RUN IS MADE ON BANK
Miami, Feb. letters predicting the failure of one bank caused that institution suspend business resultindirectly the temporary closing others, and brought about fourth which called for the Federal Re. serve Branch Bank in to bolster Its cash The orderly, started on the First Bank Ernest Amos, comptroller. taken charge affairs Southern Bank Trust ordered the Citizen's Bank and Bank of Allapattah temporarily closed. Explaining had taken the Southern Trust instance its caused by the the he ordered other two banks (Continued on Page 21)
10.February 7, 1928Finger Lakes TimesGeneva, NY
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Article Text
Run Florida Bank on Closes Four Institutions
Miami, Feb determined on the First National Bank began during the noon hour yesterday causing the failthree other Miami institutions to open business today other banks the Southern Trust the Citizens Bank and the Bank of In announcing that the Southand Trust Co. sus pended business would March that state comptroller had taken charge at the request President copied statement that demands for cash during few days have been caused by anonymous ent letters written depositors advising them to quietly get their southern banks.
11.February 7, 1928The SentinelCarlisle, PA
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Article Text
RUN ON FUNDS
Depositors counts as They Receive signed Letters
CURRENCY
Miami, than in cash being brought into Miami today to assure depositors of the First National Bank of the curity that institution after three other banks closed their doors yesterday. There were slight runs on the First National Bank yesterday, after the other banks had closed heavy runs, but not serious. One million, five hundred thousand dollars brought in by airplane from Jacksonville Federal Reserve Bank yesterday the additional being brought by train The three banks that closed yesterday blamed the runs on anonymous notes sent to depositors the safety of the Southern Bank Trust Company. The notes were signed "Hiram" and authorities today ed for the man responsible for the notes. When the Southern Bank Trust Company failed open doors there runs on the Citizens Bank Miami and the Bank of Lummus, president of the Southern Bank Trust Company, said bank closed after notes had circulated and he thought ter place the institution the hands of Ernest Amon. state comptrolbanks, rather than face which probably would be The Southern Bank Trust Comwas capitalized $100,000 and pany Saturday night had deposits The Citizens Bank Miami also was capitalized $100.while its deposits totaled and the Bank Allapattah had capital New stock of $15,000 and estimated depossued its of $110,000.
12.February 7, 1928Republican and HeraldPottsville, PA
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MONEY TAKEN TO MIAMI TO SAVE BANKS
Miami, Fla., Feb. 7. (U.P.) More than $5,000,000 in cash was being brought into Miami today to assure depositors of the First National Bank of the security of that institution after three other banks closed their doors yesterday. There were slight runs on the First National Bank yesterday, after the other banks had closed following heavy runs, but were not serious. One million five hundred thousand dollars was brought in by airplane from Jacksonville Federal Reserve Bank yesterday and the additional $5,500,000 was being brought by train today. The three banks that closed yes. terday blamed the runs on anonymous notes sent to depositors attacking the safety of the Southern Bank and Trust Company. The notes were signed "Hiram," and authorities today searched for the man responsible for the notes. When the Southern Bank and Trust Company failed to open its doors there were runs on the Citizens' Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah. J. E. Lummus, president of the said his bank was closed after the notes had been circulated and he thought it better to place the insti tution in the hands of Ernest Amon, State Comptroller of Banks, rather than face run which probably would be disastrous. The Southern Bank and Trust was capitalized at $100,000 and last Saturday night had deposits of $5,138,112.11. The Citizens' Bank of Miami also was capitalized at $100,000, while its deposits totalled $149,480, and the Bank of Allapattah had capital stock of $15,000 and estimated deposits of $110,000.
13.February 7, 1928The Evening NewsHarrisburg, PA
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TO MIAMI WHEN 3 BANKS CLOSE
United
MIAMI, Florida, Feb. than $5,000,000 was being brought into Miami today to assure depositors of the First National Bank of the security of that institution after three other banks closed their doors yesterday. There were slight runs on the First National Bank yesterday, ter the other banks had closed lowing heavy runs, but they were not serious. One million five hundred thousand dollars was brought my airplane from Jacksonville Federal Reserve Bank yesterday and the additional $5,500,000 was being brought by train today. The three banks that closed yesterday the runs on anonymous notes sent. to attacking the safety of the Southern Bank Trust Company. The notes were signed "Hiram' and authorities today searched for the man responsible for the notes. Other Runs Start When Southern Bank Trust Company failed to open doors there runs on the Citizens Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah.
MILLIONS POUR INTO BANK FOR SHAKY PATRONS
Miami, Fla., Feb. than $5. 000,000 in cash was being brought into Miami today to assure depositors of the First National Bank of the se curity of that Institution after three other banks closed their doors yesterday. There was slight runs on the First National bank yesterday after the oth es banks had closed following heavy runs, but they were not serious. One million five hundred thousand dollars was brought by airplane from the Jacksonville Federal Reserve bank yesterday and the additional $5000, 000 was being brought by train today. The three banks that closed yesterday blamed the runs on anonymous notes sent to depositors attacking the safety the Southern Bank and Trust company. The notes were signed "Hiram" and authorities today searched for the man responsible for the notes. When the Southern Bank and Trust company failed to open its doors there weer runs on the Citizens' Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapatta.
15.February 7, 1928The Buffalo NewsBuffalo, NY
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BEING RUSHED BANKS
$1,500,000 En Route There by Plane Relief of Tense Situation.
MIAMI Fla Feb million in to relieve which veloped closed this morning Failure the Trust of the largest in open business caused runs on the Citizens Bank Miami and the Bank forcing them close was brought by to the First National Bank Miami Jacksonville branch Sixth National Bank Miami suffered slight runs the banks closed and the money being brought reassure positors president of the First National his institution had felt the situation no expecting another Tuesday morning. The had said and the two en will enable continue business president of the and Trust said letters attacking his bank had caused an expected on the which resulted failure open Ernest state took charge the Southern and Trust company Amos claimed failure open had caused on the bank and the Bank Allapattah which they not to withstand
UP. LOCKPORT Feb -Stanley Reed, planned start see the that age, got was picked up the street Monday William Nugent and sent to his home.
MIAMI POLICE HUNTING MYSTERIOUS NOTE WRITER Believe Anonymous Notes Caused Run or Bank-Situation is Easter Miami, Fla., Feb 2 (UP)-As police sought the mysterious note writer, who warned against depositing money in several Miami banks and thereby caused runs that forced them to close. other banks today reporte1 the tense financial situation had eased There were some withdrawals from the Bank of Biscayne but officials said that those were by "penny savers with small accounts and that their reserve was in excellent shape Officials of the First National Bank-who had more than six million dollars brought in from the federal reserve bank at Jacksonville --said their accounts were in excellent shape They said the crowd in the lobby yesterday was no greater than at any other day of a midseason rush and there probably would be no need of the additional cash brought in The Southern Bank and Trust Company had closed Monday after notes signed "Hiram" had been passed around. warning of the bank's condition. Runs forced the Citizens Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah to close All three institutions were taken over by the state banking department and the Southern Bank probably will be re-opened about March 15. State examiners said the Citizens Bank and the Bank of Allapattah were in good shape but in no condition to stand a run
17.February 8, 1928Republican and HeraldPottsville, PA
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THE FINANCIAL SCARE AT MIAMI HAS EASED UP
Miami, Fla., Feb. 8. (U.P)-As police sought the mysterious note writer who warned against depositing money in several Miami banks and thereby caused runs that forced three to close other banks today reported the tense financial situation had eased. There were some withdrawals from the Bank of Biscayne, but officials said these were by "penny savers with small accounts" and that their reserve was in excell nt shape Officials of the First National Bank had more than six million dollars brought in from the Federal Reserve Bank at Jaeksonville-said their accounts were in excellent shape They said the crowd in the lobby yes. terday was no greater than at any other day of mid-season rush and there probably would be no need of the additional cash brought in. The Southern Bank and Trust Company had closed Monday after notes signed "Hiram" had been passed around. warning of the bank's condition Runs forced the Citizens Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah to All three institutions were taken over by the State Banking Department and the Southern Bank probably will be reopened about March 15. The State Examiners said the Citizens Bank and the Bank of Allapattah were in good shape, but in no condition to stand run.
18.February 8, 1928The Brooklyn CitizenBrooklyn, NY
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RESERVES OF MIAMI BANKS EASE TENSION
Three Banks Forced to Close by Sudden Run Will Reopen
MIAMI, Fla., Feb. 8 (United Prese). police sought the mysterious note writer, who warned against depositing money in several Miami banks and thereby caused runs that forced three to close, other banks to-day reported the tense financial situation had eased. There were some withdrawals from the Bank of Biscayne but officials said that these were by "penny savers with small accounts and that their reserve was in excellent shape. Officials of the First National Bank who had more than six million dollars brought in from the Federal Reserve Bank at Jacksonville-sa their ac counts were in excellent shape They said the crowd in the lobby yesterday was no greater than at any other day of a mid-season rush and there probably would be no need of the additional cash brought in. The Southern Bank and Trust Com pany had closed Monday after notes signed "Hiram" had been passed around. warning of the bank's condition. Runs forced the Citizens' Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah to close. All three institutions were taken over by the State Benking Department. and the Southern Bank probably will be 10. opened about March 15. State exam iners said the Citizens' Bank and the Bank of Allapattah were in good shape. but in no condition to stand a run.
19.February 8, 1928Times UnionBrooklyn, NY
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Bank Situation In Miami Eases
MIAMI, Fla., Feb. (U P).-As police sought the mysterious note writer, who warned against depositing money in Miami banks and thereby caused runs that forced three to banks to-day reported the tense financial situation had eased. Officials of the First National Bank-who had than six million dollars brought in the Federal Reserve Bank at Jacksonvillesaid their accounts were in excelshape. The Southern Bank and Trust Company closed Monday, after notes signed "Hiram" had been passed around, warning of the bank's condition. Runs forced the Citizens Bank of Miami and the Bank of Allapattah to close.
20.February 8, 1928The Brooklyn Daily TimesBrooklyn, NY
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BANKS IN FLORIDA WEATHER CRISIS
Police Seek Man Wrote Notes Closed Three Institutions. police sought mysterious writer. warned against money several Miami banks and thereby caused that forced them close, other banks today ported the tense financial situation There some from Bank Biscayne. but ficials that these were "penny with small and that their reserve shape Officials the First National brought in the Federal Reserve Bank at their accounts in excellent The Bank and Trust Company had closed Monday after notes signed "Hiram," had been passed warning of the bank's Runs forced Citizens Miami and Bank Allapattah close
21.February 8, 1928The Brooklyn Daily TimesBrooklyn, NY
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BANKS IN FLORIDA WEATHER CRISIS
Police Seek Man Wrote Notes Closed Three Institutions. Miami, Feb. police sought mysterious note writer, warned against depositing money in Miami banks and thereby caused runs that forced them close, other banks today ported the tense financial situation eased. There withdrawals Bank Biscayne, but ficials that these were their reserve was in excelOfficials the First National more brought from Federal Reserve their accounts in excellent The Southern Bank and Trust closed Monday after notes signed passed around. warning bank's condition. Runs forced Citizens Bank Bank to close.
BANKS
Heavy Runs Which Caused Temporary Suspension of Three Subsides
Fla., Complete confidence local bank: apparently was restored today lowing flurry excitement cident to temporary closing yesterday three the city's smaller financial attributed to circulation of anonymous Runs which began on several the larger noon day started subside during forenoon then died out gether By the orderly, ing lines depositors seeking withdraw their funds had disappeared, and million dollars the Federal Reserve brought from Bank to meet possibe continued heavy today was from several of the Reports fected banks the close of businoted increases in ness officials mean which that cash withdrawn during the excitement gradually was finding its way back banks time today were the lines depositors nearly long those during the height the rush yesterday
Wears Out "The thing wore itself out somebetween and 12 time said Romfh, president National Bank, which the First attracted the most determined run. "By closing time was just like other day. We've even quit any talking about now. From now limit ourselves to saying with James Gilman, president the Bank of Bay (Biscayne, the largest the city declared that the latter part of the business day nothing unusual, adding that feel was merely tem and that it done porary flurry These two institutions generally credited in financial circles with being among the strongest the Meanwhile, all three of the banks that were closed temporarily announced that plans progress for early re-opening, with State Comptroller Ernest Amos that none would have reiterating suspend had not been forced to been for anonymous letters writer of which still sought the the police. They are the Southern Bank and Trust Company, which suspended business after heavy withdrawals due circulation of the letters its failure, and the predicting Citizens Bank and the Bank Allapattah, which were ordered closed he comptroller because by fear that they might be position to possible heavy withdrawals due to the Southern suspension.
Bank runs are almost always and everywhere a deterioration of bank fundamentals.
But not for you.
You are the measure-zero exception: great fundamentals, solid bank, and yet the Diamond Dybvig fairy spread its rumor. Depositors woke up. Your collateral was not prepositioned. The Clearinghouse had it for you.
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